![]() Finally, find the “nscript.dat” file of the PC game, and append its size in bytes (not “size on disk”) to the end.Īt this point you will have a 27-digit passphrase you can use to unpack the archives. Find the “うみねこのなく頃に.exe” file of the PC game, and append its size in bytes (not “size on disk”) to the end.Ĥ. Look up the number before “KB” at the bottom of page 4 of the PS3 game manual, and append it to the end of what you already wrote.ģ. Find the large bold numbers on the back cover of the PS3 game manual, and write them down without hyphens.Ģ. The password to extract the game archive can be constructed if you own the PC and PS3 games, as follows:ġ. The software is provided for private, non-commercial use only. In no event shall the authors be liable for any damages or other issues caused by the software, their website or anything related. This software is provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. You are forbidden to redistribute the game with any modifications unless officially allowed by Umineko Project. You are forbidden to redistribute the intact game without this copyright message and a link to Umineko Project website. Usage of this game is prohibited if you do not own either one of these two games. We ask all our users to support these people by buying the products that made this game possible: the PC release of Umineko no Naku Koro ni EP4, and the PS3 release of Umineko no Naku Koro ni Rondo - even if you do not own a PS3. It is simply not financially possible for us to obtain permission to legally distribute this game with all its features, and we opted for English and Russian versions of Umineko PS3 to exist in this state instead of not at all. It is not our intent to financially (or otherwise) harm any of these people or companies. This game may violate various copyrights of Ryukishi07, Alchemist, artists, musicians, voice actors, translators, and more. While it is technically free to download and install Umineko Project, to cover all of your bases and ensure that you legally own the assets to be able to play Umineko Project, you must own the Steam release of Umineko: When They Cry as well as the PS3 release of Umineko no Naku Koro ni Rondo. Please choose to install at your own discretion. ![]() This is NO LONGER the case and you can easily add the Witch Hunt translation to your installation of Umineko Project.īelow, I have copied the copyright disclaimer straight from Umineko Project's website. Users used to have to choose between Steam + 7th Mod for the "best" translation or Umineko Project for best visuals with a fan translation. These features include lip sync (character's mouths moving when they talk), rain effects, animated effects (such as animated golden butterflies, eyes, sword slashes, etc.).Īlso, readers in the past were unable to use the Witch Hunt translation on Umineko Project (the witch hunt translation is the official translation that is on Steam). Due to the way the engine is coded, with only 7th Mod, you are missing out on a lot of features. You may think that downloading the 07th Mod patch is sufficient, but it isn't. If you do not play Umineko Project, you are missing out on a lot of enhancements that really make the game way more enjoyable. ![]() Umineko Project is a fan port of the PS3 version of Umineko. If you are planning on reading Umineko: When They Cry, you absolutely must download and install Umineko Project. ![]()
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Canon pixam ip110 ink6/5/2023 ![]() ![]() It makes initial setup a breeze and allows you to monitor your work mid-print. We like the large touchscreen display considering the printer's low price point. The latter two are perhaps the most exciting addition, as users can connect their smartphone or tablet to print remotely. It includes a document feeder, front and rear paper support trays, a 4.3-inch display, double-sided printing, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth connectivity. Do not leave the printer with the ink tank removed. The PIXMA TR8520 is ready for printing, scanning, copying, and faxing. Replacing Procedure If you remove an ink tank, replace it immediately. However, unlike the rest of the PIXMAs, this model was built to fit comfortably in a home office. This is thanks to a five-color individual ink system (usually just 4) that allows for vivid colors and evenly-filled blacks. Like most printers in the PIXMA series, it has exceptional photo printing capabilities. While the Canon PIXMA TR8520 is 38% smaller than its predecessor, the MX920, the all-in-one inkjet, is still packed with top-of-the-line features. Purchasing our compatible Canon ink cartridges is an excellent way to save money without sacrificing quality. The print head holder moves to the replacement position.Don't let the diminutive size of this printer fool you. Compatible Canon Pixma iP110 inkjet cartridges from LD Products are guaranteed to meet or exceed the print quality of the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) Canon Pixma iP110 inkjet cartridges. When an ink tank is out of ink, replace it immediately with a new one. To maintain optimal printing quality, use an ink tank within six months of first use.Ĭolor ink may be consumed even when printing a black-and-white document or when black-and-white printing is specified.Įvery ink is also consumed in the standard cleaning and deep cleaning of the print head, which may be necessary to maintain the performance of the printer. This will cause the ink tank to dry out, and the printer may not operate properly when it is reinstalled. ![]() Once an ink tank has been installed, do not remove it from the printer and leave it out in the open.Furthermore, with such an ink tank, the printer will not be able to inform you when to replace the ink tank properly. Changed black ink cartridge and still not printing black. Installing a used ink tank may cause the nozzles to clog. Not printing Black - Pixma iP110 punkybk Apprentice Options 02-13-2022 03:19 PM Printer not printing black. Amazons Choice in Ink Tank Printers by Canon -6 14979 List Price: 159.99 FREE Returns Available at a lower price from other sellers that may not offer free Prime shipping. Canon Color imageCLASS MF733Cdw Fuser (Fixing) Unit - 110 / 120 Volt (Genuine). The inkjet system uses only two Canon iP110 ink cartridges: one black and one combined tricolor supply. Canon: PIXMA Manuals - iP110 series - ij. Do not leave the printer with the ink tank removed. Our compatible Canon PGI-35 Black Ink Cartridge is manufactured in an ISO-9001 certified factory with high quality standards that meets the performance of. With the PIXMA iP110 printer ink supplies in place, the unit weighs just 4.3 pounds, and it measures 2.5x12.7x7.3 inches, making it very portable. If you remove an ink tank, replace it immediately.When you need to replace an ink tank, follow the procedure below. ![]() 3dcarp apk download 20186/5/2023 ![]() You can easily use the green and clean version. The advanced version of Mod APK removes the features of charging in popular apps, and eliminates many problems that require watching ads to use. You will experience unlimited gold coins or unlimited diamonds, or even unlimited levels, you can easily experience the fun of the game without any effort. ![]() Mod APK premium version has different interpretations in different apps, such as game mod apk. You don't even need to spend time unlocking any of the quests in it, because you're in God's perspective and you can do everything with ease. What is 3dcarp Mod APK?ģdcarp Mod APK is a premium version of 3dcarp, in 3dcarp Mod APK you can use all the features in 3dcarp without spending money or watching ads. Granted, i am not the most knowledgable about fishing. I need help in figuring out how to play this game. Mate don't listen to them this app is one of the best fishing games I've seen the only thing is I went to play today and I had the game logo on my phone and it was saying that it wasn't installso I'm have to reinstall it hopefully that will sort it. Download Jojoy now and you can experience the 3dcarp Mod APK for free.ģDCARP is a fishing simulator for the serious Angler.Including 13 lakes and 4 rivers.Focusing mainly on Carp fishing (Common, Mirror, Leather and Koi) but also including Wells Catfish, Pike, Muskie, Tiger Muskie, Zander, Walleye, Perch, Bass, Chub, Orfe (normal and golden), Rudd (normal and golden), Ide, Tench (normal and golden), Bream, Roach, Goldfish, Golden Carp, Siamese Carp, Mekon Catfish, Sturgeon, Mahseer and Tarpon.Go fishing with 2 rods from pegs or go stalking anywhere with a single float rod.Fish in the day or at night, in spring, summer, autumn or winter.Fish from the bank or from a boat.Bait up with a catapult, a throwing stick, a spod, and a bait boat (equipped with underwater camera and sonar).Use many different customisable rigs and choose from hundreds of baits.Take photos of your catches and win trophies.3DCARP – the most detailed Carp Fishing simulator. 3dcarp Mod APK (Free) is a premium version of 3dcarp, you can use all the features of 3dcarp without paying or watching ads. ![]() 3dcarp Mod APK (Free) 2023 Download with Jojoyģdcarp is one of the most popular apps right now, 3dcarp has 10K+ downloads on Google Play. ![]() Namo buddha6/5/2023 ![]() ![]() It also tried to investigate locals’ perspectives on pilgrimage tourism development. Exploratory research has been carried out to examine the religious and economic benefits of pilgrims at this site. Religious tourism and pilgrimage tourism are interchangeably used in this study and the paper is based on both the primary and secondary data. This place offers other attractions and activities besides pilgrimage-based elements such as sightseeing of heritage town spectacular Himalayan ranges paddy field terrains hilly forests soft adventures experience and so on. The place has a huge potential to attract both Buddhist and Hindu pilgrims including international tourists from all over the world. Nepali people call this site Namo Buddha, Newars call Namo Buddha as Namura and Tibetans call it as Takmo Lu Jin. This stūpa commemorates the Buddha Śakyamuni’s sacrifice of his body to a starving tigress and her cubs in his previous life. Namo Buddha stūpa is also considered to be one of the holiest stūpas in Nepal including Svayambhu Stūpa (Svayambhu Mahachaitya) and the Bodhnath Stūpa (Khasti Mahachaitya). Namo Buddha is one of the sacred Buddhist shrines and important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists as they believe the relics of the previous life of Lord Buddha are kept at Namo Buddha Stūpa. A pilgrimage is an ancient form of religious travel where people make a journey to the place of their belief for experiencing spirituality. There is found limited academic work on pilgrimage tourism in Nepal however, no evidence of study could be traced on Namo Buddha that is based on pilgrimage tourism perspective. This paper tries to find out the prospect of pilgrimage tourism at Namo Buddha, Kavre, Nepal. So it is better to head to the destination during clear weather.Buddhism, Covid-19, motivation, pilgrimage tourism, spirituality Abstract However, during the rainy season, the road might be disrupted. ![]() Also, it will take only around 2 hours to reach due to direct travel without stopping at any places like the public buses do. Whereas, booking a taxi or private two-wheeler or four-wheeler might be the other option. But one may also trek from Banepa to Namo Buddha passing through Panauti and Sankhu. The bus from there will take to Banepa where you need to change the bus. We can take a local bus from Ratnapark Bus station ( Old Bus Park) which will take around 3-4 hours to reach the destination. Since then the village was known as Namo Buddha meaning homage to Buddha. Also, after about 3500 years later Gautam Buddha visited and after taking 3 tours around the stupa and declared that he was the reincarnation of prince Mahasatwo. His remaining bones were brought back to the village and buried in the tomb where the actual stupa of Namo Buddha stands. It was believed that when he was wandering in the forest he came across a dying tigress with her cubs, then he sacrificed himself to feed them and give them a new life. The place carries a very old legend of 6000 years ago from the prince Mahasatwo. If you visit during the clear season, you can even get a chance to appreciate the sight of mountaintops like Gaurishankar, Makalu, and Langtang. Many Buddhist visit the site from a religious aspect whereas many people with their family and friends give a visit or hike up the Namo Buddha hill to enjoy the peaceful place and the beautiful sights of mountains. The construction of the monastery did make it a beautiful significant religious site and also a destination for national and even international tourists. The initial purpose of building the monastery was to make it a place for people to learn about Buddhism, practice rituals, and prayers and protect the Buddhist religion and the important site. Whereas, once you reach the site you will feel the peaceful vibes from the built monastery, statues, and wall paintings that are there. The picture of the site from the forest afar too is captivating. Situated in Kavre District in Nepal, it is 43 km east from Kathmandu valley and only 13 km far from Dhulikhel. ![]() Bouddhanath Stupa, Swayambhunath, and Namo Buddha are the three shrines, as believed by the Buddhist religion, are the sources of peace and harmony. One of the three major shrines, Namo Buddha holds a very prominent religious and historical value. It is also a beautiful destination for a short day hike. Namo Buddha is a peaceful religious site that holds great historical value in Buddhism. ![]() Texas lightsmith iron pot rack6/5/2023 ![]() ![]() I searched and searched on line and cannot find anything even similar to it. This is a unique design that germinated in my head and grew as I began to work with it. Iron Pot Rack (1 - 40 of 959 results) Price () Shipping All Sellers 31 Inch Wall Mounted Pot Rack Storage Shelf with 2 Tier Hanging Rails, 14 S Hooks included - Black (196) 62.00 FREE shipping Cast Iron Cookware Round Hooks skillet hooks pot hooks kitchen hooks (513) 9. This pot rack does not include the display pots and pans or any additional hardware. ![]() The pot rack includes two large twisted steel S hooks and two smaller twisted steel S hooks for attaching the rack to the cedar log and the cedar log to the ceiling. Handcrafted entirely at its facility in Austin, TX, Texas Lightsmith products employ copper, nickel silver, bronze, wrought iron and fused glass to create products for any application where high quality craftsmanship and materials are preferred. The steel pot rack portion really sprouted in my mind as a way to use that cedar log. Texas Lightsmith designs and manufactures custom range hoods, farmhouse sinks and lighting of all kinds. But this particular log had so much interesting character that I immediately started thinking of a way to display it. This custom wrought iron potrack features decorative scroll work with a traditional blackened steel finish, constructed to suspend over a kitchen island. I harvested several cedar posts with the intention of making table legs and will likely still do that project. ![]() The metal work was likewise created from raw steel bars, cut to size, hand twisted and welded for strength. Old Dutch International Matte Black Light Gauge Oval Hanging Pot Rack with 12 Hooks and Chain Old Dutch International 105.99 When purchased online mDesign Metal Wire Pot/Pan Organizer Rack for Kitchen mDesign 2 30.49 - 40. Then I hand finished it to retain the natural character of the wood. I harvested the cedar, de-barked and seasoned it. Materials: Wrought iron and West Texas cedar (Ashe Juniper).Ībout: This pot rack was completely fabricated from raw materials. ![]() The moca museum6/5/2023 ![]() Seven Stations: Selections from MOCAs Collection The Museum. To inspire creativity and contribute to the support of creative industriesħ. Seven Stations: Selections from MOCAs Collection The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. To nurture the public's appreciation of contemporary art and designĦ. To serve as an information center for Chinese contemporary artĥ. To collect and research on Chinese contemporary art and designĤ. To bring to China high quality international contemporary art and design and to encourage global cultural exchangeģ. A private institution, MOCA Bangkok does well to introduce first timers to the incredible depth in early Thai contemporary artists. To promote Chinese contemporary art and design locally, nationally, and internationallyĢ. May 12, 2023, 3:00 pm 5:00 pm Bryant Park, between 5 and 6 Av, W 40 Street and W 42 Street, New York, NY 10018 No RSVP required, simply show up. In turn, we hope to encourage cultural exchange between Shanghai and the world.ġ. ![]() Managed by a team of local and international professionals with extensive curatorial and administrative experiences, MOCA Shanghai intends to lead in nurturing the appreciation of Chinese and international contemporary art and design. Surrounding buildings include the Municipal Government Headquarters, the Shanghai Grand Theatre, the Shanghai Art Museum and the Shanghai Museum. The Museum is located in the People's Park, directly center of the administrative and cultural hub of the city. ![]() Endorsed by the Shanghai Municipal Government and funded by the Samuel Kung Foundation, MOCA Shanghai is devoted to the promotion of Chinese and international contemporary art. “MOCA has a history of bringing in musical artists right before they become huge,” said museum board president and Advancement Committee co-chair Carolyn Clark Powers, noting past gala entertainers Lady Gaga and Janelle Monaé.The Museum of Contemporary Art Shanghai (MOCA Shanghai) is the first non-profit, independently-operated contemporary art institution in Shanghai. Taylor’s critically acclaimed show, Henry Taylor: B Side, is in its final few days at MOCA, closing April 30.įinishing out the gala evening (which was presented by Tiffany & Co.), jazz singer Samara Joy, who won best new artist the Grammy Awards earlier this year, came out to sing a three-song set, wowing the crowd with her powerful vocals. Artists are part of our philosophy, our decision-making and our direction,” said Smooke.Īmong the artists on hand to celebrate MOCA at the gala were Karon Davis, Martine Syms, Betye and Alison Saar, Mark Grotjahn and Christina Quarles (who both serve on the museum’s board), Elliott Hundley, Max Hooper Schneider, Tala Madani, Kim DeJesus, Diedrick Brackens, Andrea Bowers, Charles Gaines, Paul McCarthy, Jonas Wood, Lara Schnitger, Jordan Wolfson, Mary Weatherford, Mungo Thomson, Edgar Arceneaux and Henry Taylor. MOCA After Hours Thursday, J 8:30 pm 11:00 pm Free for Members 10 for General Public starting May 16 Join MOCA Toronto for an after hours party on June 8 from 8:3011pm to celebrate the newly opened exhibition Impostor Cities. “You know what makes MOCA so different from so many museums we were created as the artists museum. In a video montage, MOCA also thanked artists Mark Bradford and Catherine Opie, who are ending their runs as museum board members, for their service to the arts institution. “Our attire is called Catch the Light in honor of Carl Craig,” said MOCA trustee and Advancement Committee co-chair Terri Smooke, adding that, “Frankly, the way the world has changed, we’re trying to catch whatever light there is out there.” Many attendees donned sequined and beaded outfits with one gala guest, Lauren Nathanson, wearing a pink tulle skirt with white lights woven into it, all in keeping with the evening’s dress code. “It’s a 30-minute immersive experience - this idea that in 30 minutes you experience the revelry of a party and then the kind of after-party feeling where you’ve been out dancing all night and people start to drift away,” said Burton, who joined the museum in late 2021.ĭuring the cocktail hour, guests snapped photos of each other inside Party/After-Party, where loud techno music pulsed and crescendoed, beams of LED light changed colors and a large central chandelier-like light fixture hung over an X on the floor, creating a focal point inside the hulking warehouse space. Burton said the show brings together themes of both celebration and alienation. Running through July 23, the exhibit is the creation of DJ and music producer Carl Craig. ![]() 'Bad Cinderella' to Close on Broadway This Summer ![]() Jstock market under obama6/5/2023 ![]() ![]() On June 12, the Facebook page Ridin' With Biden stated, "We can't take 4 more years of Trump's 'winning,'" then listed some of President Donald Trump's "accomplishments" while in office: But in the history books, those gains will be attributed to the Obama stock market.Watch Video: Trump to issue an executive order to protect monuments The claim: America can't take four more years of President Donald Trump's "winning" Some of those stocks, like Goldman Sachs, got an extra boost after Donald Trump was elected and the stock market staged a Trump rally. Still, of the main stock index’s 469 stocks that were trading when Obama took office and remain listed today, only 12 of them ended the Obama terms in negative total return territory. Shares of Southwest Energy, Transocean and Chesapeake Energy tumbled by 63%, 58%, and 41%, respectively, while Obama was president. With oil and natural gas prices weakening in recent years, the three other stocks among the top four worst performers in the S&P 500 during the Obama years were energy companies. solar equipment producer, has seen its stock fall by 74% as prices for solar panels fell, making it the worst performing S&P 500 stock of the Obama years. With the Obama Administration providing solar subsidies, investors rushed into solar stocks, but they have largely been disappointed by the results as those subsidies faded. Obama has long been an advocate of renewable energy and has particularly promoted solar energy. The drug was approved by the Food & Drug Administration during Obama’s first term and Regeneron’s stock has surged by 2,294% while Obama has been in office. Billionaire Leonard Schleifer’s Regeneron developed a drug to treat eye disease age-related macular degeneration, Eylea, which produced $4.09 billion in 2015 sales. New medicines and treatments have produced disease-curing breakthroughs, creating massive stock market value in the process. Shares of Netflix have returned 3,037% in the last eight years.Īnother revolution that has taken place while Obama has been president involves biotechnology. During the Obama years, billionaire Reed Hastings transformed Netflix from a DVD rental-by-mail company into a video-streaming behemoth that changed the way people consume entertainment. The iPhone was introduced less than two years before he took office. The Obama years coincided with lightning-fast technological change that was reflected in the stock market. The recapitalized company took the stock market by storm, returning 3,465%. General Growth Properties filed America’s largest ever real estate bankruptcy. Shortly after Obama took office, a group of Wall Street investors led by billionaire hedge fund manager Bill Ackman reorganized a bankrupt shopping mall owner while U.S. Ulta Salon’s stock has returned 4,350% during the Obama years. Ulta Salon, Cosmetics & Fragrance has staged a stunning expansion during Obama’s presidency and now operates 949 stores across America, selling 20,000 beauty products ranging from cosmetics to skin care and salon services. ![]() In Obama’s America, the top-performing stock according to FactSet was a chain of beauty stores known for discount deals and based in Bollingbrook, Ill. stock market during the Obama years, rising 261%. Financial stocks were the third-best performing sector in the U.S. And while bankers complained about being political targets and dealt with new regulations limiting their risk-taking activities, Wall Street recovered in the years after banks received bailouts. stock market during the Obama presidency, returning 285%. Information technology was the second-best performing sector of the U.S. ![]() Both Silicon Valley and Wall Street did well under Obama. ![]() I7 6700k gflops fp646/4/2023 ![]() The Workstation-version W8100/W9100 cards offer good FP64 performance and include video outputs and built-in cooling fan, but are significantly more expensive. Two things to note with these, they are headless - no video connectors, so compute only. I just got my S9150 up and running, paid $340 shipped from ebay. 280X is around 1000 gflops for comparison. S9100/S9150 have the best price/performance ratio. You can pickup used Server-version FirePro cards for under $400 that have strong FP64. do not compare old units and some "time" to todays units. That's left to prosumer or above cards like the Nvidia Titan Volta for $3k.įake results from khryl. All newer consumer cards from NV and AMD have poor FP64 performance including that maxwell 750Ti. The 7970/280x generation or any derivatives. Older AMD cards have better double precision, FP64. Doesn't seem like that's gonna get much better soon. Too bad modern amd graphics cards are pretty much all gone. Didn't think I'd have reason to consider amd in the gpu slot (other than the driver interface looks pretty nice). I have wanted to upgrade to an 8 core Ryzen. I now have more respect for amd hardware. And so I came over here if there's anything about it. Yeah somewhere I just learned that amd cards have far more double precision compute power and that milkyway uses it. Modestly my evga 750ti superclocked at stock gets these done in 665 seconds with an i5-4460 running at stock 3.2 GHz (one core free) ![]() Ehh, the quick gratification getting 200 points in rapid succession is still nice. If milkyway desires double precision and my nvidia 750ti is pretty limited on that compared to amd cards maybe my card is better served serving other projects. ![]() Torchlight 2 synergies best class6/4/2023 ![]() Second, Diablo III arrived with an invasive DRM stipulating that even single player games required an always-on, high-speed internet connection which resulted in players in Europe suffering crippling lag in their single-player games. First, several expansions to Diablo II were delayed or abandoned due to that focus, and of course it had been over a decade since Diablo II first landed. The focus on its subscription-led cash cow reflected poorly on Diablo as a whole. By then, Activision had bought Blizzard via its parent, Vivendi, and World of Warcraft was Activision Blizzard’s new darling. It was still a huge hit, selling 4 million copies within 18 months, and its lasting appeal saw Battle.Net still reporting 11 million players in 2010!įast forward to 2012 and Diablo III would land with several controversies. Later expansions added two further classes, but the core gameplay remained virtually unchanged from the original. Diablo II introduced five new player classes, updated visuals and enemies spread over four distinct Acts. ![]() While the original was a classic, eventually selling a very respectable 2.5 million copies, its sequel which arrived three years later was really just more of the same. Just grab the original game from GOG, and follow the instructions on the project page over on Github. There was, simply, nothing else like it.īefore we move on, it's worth mentioning that you can still play Diablo 1 today, thanks to the DevilutionX project. The village of Tristram felt alive as you stocked up on potions and sold your latest loot before delving into the dynamically generated dungeons and caves below the village to level up further. Perhaps inspired by Doom which was 4 years old by then, Blizzard were targeting the LAN party crowd?īut I experienced it by dialling my ISP and playing with my best mate. So for a game like Diablo to land with multiplayer baked in was unusual. ![]() ADSL was rare and fixed connections were pure fantasy. Arriving in 1997, the majority of households didn’t yet have internet connections and those that did were still on 28K or (if they were lucky!) 56K modems. There was something very special about the first Diablo. Then it’s over to you to tell me how wrong I am, in the comments! Next, I’ll cover a game that’s very similar to the original, then (hopefully!) any games that have surpassed it since, and finally any games that do things in a unique way, but still tipping their hat to the original. I’ll start with a bit of history about the most famous game representing the genre. IYL will be a short series of articles delving into various genres and looking at the best examples in each. Let’s look at the series as a whole, and the genre it largely created. Launched in the 90’s, it defined a new genre of dungeon crawling, successfully mixing traditional Rogue/Nethack elements with beautiful visuals, real-time combat, class selection, an innovative loot system, and haunting music. There shouldn’t be any arguments when I claim that the original Diablo was a masterpiece. ![]() Superior mirage6/4/2023 ![]() ![]() The illustration below will help to describe how a superior mirage gets formed: ) As a result, light bends up, instead of down, towards the warmer air. This phenomenon is called temperature inversion (which you can read more about in this article. This type of mirage is a result of cold air that is trapped underneath a layer of warm air. Instead of showing an object much closer than it is, it displays an image of a distant object (that may be entirely out of view) on or above the horizon. Superior MirageĪ superior mirage operates on precisely the same principles as an inferior mirage but has the exact opposite effect. ![]() It may even display items that don't even exist. It can also show distortions that are not even part of the real object (e.g., the sky). The mirage is an optical distortion, meaning the image you see may be a distorted view of an actual object much further away. The observer sees the distorted image much closer than it really is since the image is viewed via a direct line of sight by the observer, as indicated by the blue line.It is possible since light follows the quickest (not shortest) path, which, in this case, is the warmer air near the ground, which provides less optical resistance.An inferior mirage appears as a result of light bending towards warm air close to the ground, as the red line indicates. ![]() There may not even be a real object at all. Although this is possible, more often than not, the objects in a mirage may appear to look like something it is not.įor example, the "water" you see may be nothing more than the blue sky reflected on the ground, and the palm trees may be a completely different object that got distorted as the light traveled through layers of hot and cold air. To simplify and make the description of a mirage easy to understand, an identical inverted image of the palm trees and water was used in the illustration. It is at this location where you will perceive the phenomenon to be located, when the actual object may, in fact, be hundreds of miles away. The position where the light is not refracted anymore but reflects up towards the observer is called the point of total internal reflection. Since light always follows the quickest past, and warm air with less resistance is much faster to travel through, the light will bend towards the hot air close to the ground.Īs the red line in the illustration shows, light travels from objects higher up in the colder air to the warm air close to the ground before bending back towards the eyesight of the observer. It creates a substantial difference in air temperature between the warm air near the surface and the colder air above it.Ī medium with non-uniform properties has now been created with cold air, which is optically more dense, situated above warm air, which is optically less dense. On a hot day, the Sun rapidly warms up the Earth's surface, which in turn heats the air directly above the ground. The illustration below will clarify how and why light behaves in this fashion and how it contributes to the creation of a mirage:īy making use of the illustration above, it will be much easier to explain and understand how an inferior mirage gets formed. This is because light always follows the quickest path, not the shortest path. When traveling through a medium like the atmosphere, the difference in air density at different altitudes allows light to bend. In the vacuum of space, it does indeed travel in a straight line. It is widely assumed that light travels in a straight path, especially at a speed of 299 792 kilometers per second (186 282 miles per second). It can be seen on a hot day while traveling on a long stretch of road or in the desert, where the phenomenon first gained wide recognition.Ī mirage is capable of producing a misplaced image of an object due to the capability of light to refract (bend) in a medium with non-uniform uniform attributes. The most familiar and commonly occurring form of this optical distortion is the inferior mirage. Mirages can be divided into two types of optical distortions:īy looking at them individually, it will soon become clear how each phenomenon is formed and why we see (or perceive) the resulting image in the way we do. The word mirage was directly borrowed from the french verb, mirer, which originated from the Latin word, mirari, which translates to "mirror" or "to look at." As you will shortly learn, this is quite an accurate description of the phenomenon. It is a simplified and concise summary of an event that needs a more detailed explanation to understand how it occurs and what mechanisms are at play during the process. ![]() |